Chapter 18

Chapter 18: Revolutions of Industrialization

The industrial revolution began with new technologies innovation, which lead to a lot of goods and services being sold. The most significant was the steam engine which was produced by coal and the internal combustion engine which was produced by fossil fuels. However, although these were great discoveries in that time period no one really thought about what would happen if we run out of fossil fuels? Then how would we make internal combustion engine? Most people still don’t think about what we are going to put future generations through. With the industrial revolution came a demographic shift from rural areas to cities with the big factories. In Britain it added 2 new social classes, so instead of 1 percent nobility, 1 percent church, and 98 percent everyone else there were a middle class and a laboring class. The middle class were factory owners and the laboring class were people who worked in the factories. With so many people in the laboring class there was bound to be some competition because people need to provide for their families. There also came problems like workers wanting higher wages, health care, limited hours, etc. There are 2 ways of making changes: revolution and reform. Russia industrialization remained absolute monarchy which is the state having control over individuals and the society. This was bound to lead to a revolution and forms of unions and political parties in my eyes. Latin America wanting their country to look like Europe or United States like it was their older brothers and they wanted to be just like them in every aspect like talking they way they do, act like they do and dress the way they do.

Chapter 17 part three

The Haiti Revolution
This country was original named Saint Domingo and was thought of as the Richest colony in the world. With 8,000 plantations which in the 18th century produced over 40 percent of the worlds sugar and like half of the coffee. Slaves, of course, made up the vast majority. Then the whites who were plantation owners, bankers, and lawyers. There were also "petis blancs" which mean poor white people and "gens de couleur libres" which were free people of color and many being mixed raced. In Haiti the idea of the revolution meant different things to different people. To grands blancs- which are the rich white landowners, it meant greater autonomy, and fewer economic restrictions. However they did not like what it meant for the petis blancs, who thought they could get equality of citizenship for all whites. Both were opposed to free people of color. That right there is messed up because there basically saying that color people aren't people. Haiti Revolution made a great change in the abolishment in slavery and therefore renamed their country Haiti meaning "mountainous" or "rugged".
The Spanish Revolution on the other hand had trouble and couldn't bring the people of different races, status, and power together to fight against the British rule.
The abolishment of slavery came from the ideas and practices of the Atlantic revolutions.Without them, where would we be today? Thank you Kant and your enlightenment ideas.

Chapter 17 part two

The French Revolution
The French Revolution started after the American Revolution with many of the french soldiers returning with the enlightenment ideas from America. The first two estates was about two percent of the population and the rest made up the third estate. That's a big difference and with that many people in one class there's bound to be some form of a fight to make a difference. The third estate recongized themselves as the National Assembly. A few weeks later drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. This meant that "men are born and remain free and equal in rights."This was definitely going to change things among the social classes. Slavery was abolished, church lands were sold, and castles of lords were attacked to burn documents. King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed. France definitely seem to undergo major changes like they wanted to get rid of everything old and start new. What a way to do it.

Chapter 17 part one

The North American Revolution
I remember the American Revolution as a chance to gain independence from the British rule with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. I also remember that the thirteen colonies being unhappy about the imposed taxes and other things from the British rule. I thought it was interesting and right to find that the American Revolution was a conservative one compared to all the other revolutions because they still wanted to save the existing liberties of the colonies rather than create new ones like in France. I can see why they didn't break away from the British empire because of the protection if they ever went to war with some country, easy access to their markets and the status of being "Englishmen". After some time the British wanted to "extract more revenue" from the colonies which made them seek independence which i don't blame them for doing so.

The Americas by Felipe Fernandez- Armesto

What really amazed me about this reading was that Felipe talks about  how "America" isn't just North America/United States that Canada and all the the Southern Islands are too. And how the U.S. usurped the term American when really its means all of Canada, South America and the small islands. I was so mind blown at this because I have always thought that America was the U.S. and all those other countries weren't. It's crazy how he points this out because I feel like a lot of people are blind to this knowledge. But with this knowledge are we supposed to change it? Because I feel like that probably won't happen anytime soon especially since my generation was taught that being an American means your from the U.S. Which is what I think will probably go on for decades. So it's really a shame to know this and not have the governments of the countries recognize this and share light to their people.

What is enlightenment?

So I read what enlightenment is to Immanuel Kant. And he says: "it's a man's release from his self-incurred tutelage." "What is tutelage?", was my first thought. I thought maybe it's responsibility or  morals. I looked up in the dictionary what the word means and it means the act of guarding, protecting, or guiding. But in this reading Kant goes on to say that tutelage is: "a man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. "He also goes on to say that we do not live in an enlighten age but rather age of enlightenment. So we aren't fully with freedom as his idea of enlightenment would be i guess. : /

Chapter 16 Part 2

Christianity started in year zero in the Roman Empire. From there, it split between the West Europe to the Eastern Orthodox. Then in the West Europe there was a rift between Catholics and Protestants. the Scientific Revolution was now becoming a foothold in Europe which started with Ceperuicus in 1543. He stated that the earth wasn't the center of the universe but rather the sun was. He waited until after he  died to publish his knowledge because he hadn't, then the church would probably make him recant what he wrote or said. And their method wasn't great either. Then, an Italian named Galileo developed the telescope to observe sunspots or blemishes that move across the sun. Then looking ahead, other great philosophers sought different things in life like Charles Darwin in discovering natural section and Karl Marx studying human history and struggling; also conflicting social classes.

Chapter 16

The Globalization of Christianity:
Christianity was largely popular  in Europe at the beginning of early modern era. Christendom expanded to near by regions like Spain and England in the west to Russia and small places like Egypt, Ethopia, Southern India, and central Asia. Christianity broke off in West Europe to the Eastern Orthodox. Then in the Western Europe there was a split between the Catholics and the Protestants. Lead by Martin Luther with his rebuttal against the church authorities.